What is Autism
Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): signs, strengths, diagnosis, and evidence-based support.
A closer look at autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impairments in two major domains:
- Deficits in social communication and social interaction
- Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and activities
ASD encompasses disorders previously known as autistic disorder (classic autism), Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified.
Common Signs & Indicators
- Trouble relating to other people
- Avoiding eye contact
- Not wanting to be touched
- Not wanting to play or interact with others
- Difficulty in social communication
Early signs often appear before the age of three.
Key Characteristics
- Limited interests and repetitive behaviours
- Being completely focused on certain topics and ignoring other things
- Having rituals and getting upset if routines change
- Repeating physical motions like hand flapping, rocking or spinning
- Reciting scripts from movies, TV shows or past conversations
Strengths & Talents
- Strong memory and attention to specific details
- Creative thinking and unique perspectives
- Talents in music, art, maths or dance
- Different ways of learning and communicating
- May be verbal or non-verbal, each with their own strengths
Prevalence
2–25
per 1,000
The overall prevalence of ASD in Europe, Asia and the United States ranges from 2 to 25 per 1,000 (approximately 1 in 40 to 1 in 500). It occurs in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
Male to Female Ratio
3–4 : 1
ASD is three to four times more common in males than in females.
Contributing Factors
Genetic · Biological · Environmental
The exact cause is unknown. Environmental, biological and genetic factors can make a child more likely to have ASD, and the common view is that autism results from a combination of these factors.
Diagnosis
ASD is diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team through evaluation of a person's behaviour and development. The evaluation includes medical and neurological examinations, assessment of the child's cognitive abilities and language skills, and observation of their behaviour and developmental history.
Management & Intervention
There is no cure for autism, but early and intensive intervention can make a significant difference. Management is individualised to each child's age and needs, and uses a multidisciplinary approach: educational, behavioural and developmental support from trained professionals such as special educators, therapists and caregivers.
Frequently Asked Questions
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